Fundamentals Of Biochemical Engineering Rapidshare Free
Najafpour, in, 2007 2.1 INTRODUCTIONIn biochemical engineering processes, measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential. The production of SCP may reach a steady-state condition by keeping the DO level constant, while the viable protein is continuously harvested. The concentration of protein is proportional to oxygen uptake rate. Control of DO would lead us to achieve steady SCP production. Variation of DO may affect retention time and other process variables such as substrate and product concentrations, retention time, dilution rate and aeration rate. Microbial activities are monitored by the oxygen uptake rate from the supplied air or oxygen.Microbial cells in the aerobic condition take up oxygen from the gas and then liquid phases. The rate of oxygen transfer from the gas phase to liquid phase is important.
At high cell densities, the cell growth is limited by the availability of oxygen in the medium. The growth of aerobic bacteria in the fermenter is then controlled by the availability of oxygen, substrate, energy sources and enzymes. Air has to be supplied for aerobic process in order to enhance the cell growth. Oxygen limitation may cause a reduction in the growth rate.
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The supplied oxygen from the gas phase has to penetrate into the microorganism. Several steps are required in order to let such a phenomenon take place.
The oxygen first must travel through the gas–liquid interface, then the bulk of liquid and finally into the microbial cell.The solubility of air in water at 10 °C and under atmospheric conditions is 11.5 ppm; as the temperature is increased to 30 °C, the solubility of air drops to 8 ppm. The solubility of air decreases to 7 ppm at 40 °C.
Availability of oxygen in the fermentation broth is higher than the air, if pure oxygen is used. The solubility of pure oxygen in water at 10 °C and 1 atm pressure is 55 ppm. As the temperature increases to 30 °C, the solubility of pure oxygen drops to 38.5 ppm. The solubility of pure oxygen decreased to 33.7 ppm at 40 °C. The above data show that in case of high oxygen demand for SCP production, oxygen drastically depletes in 12–24 hours of incubation. Therefore pure oxygen is commonly used to enhance oxygen availability in the fermentation media.
Mohamed Abdul Rahman, in, 2007 3.1 INTRODUCTIONIn the biochemical engineering profession, there are various bioprocesses actively involved in the synthesis and production of biological products. Understanding of all the processes may require basic knowledge of biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, and real knowledge of engineering processes. Transfer of oxygen is a major concern in many bioprocesses that require air for microbial growth such as single cell protein and production of antibiotics.
Agitation in a fermentation unit is directly related to oxygen transported from the gas phase to liquid phase followed by oxygen uptake by the individual microbial cell. The activities of microorganisms are monitored by the utilisation of oxygen from the supplied air and the respiration quotient. The primary and secondary metabolites in a bioprocess can be estimated based on projected pathways for production of intracellular and extracellular by-products. In the previous chapter, dissolved oxygen was discussed; in this chapter, mechanisms of oxygen transport are focused on.
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The details of process operation are also discussed in this chapter. One of the principal biochemical engineering considerations associated with affinity separations is to transform a successful laboratory separation procedure into a viable industrial unit operation. Packed bed separation procedures can be successfully scaled up to almost any extent provided certain rules are maintained and scale-up of affinity separations can also be achieved in a rational manner without dificulty. A suggested approach is:.Ensure that the same adsorbent (including the chosen particle size) is used in both laboratory and large-scale procedures.Conduct investigations to determine the approximate dynamic capacity of the affinity adsorbent for the desired product and estimate the volume of the bed that will be needed to process the scaled-up batch size.Select a bed height of adsorbent that is compatible with the above volume.
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